香蕉茎秆挤压脱水技术装备研究进展及改进方向

香蕉茎秆挤压脱水工艺是香蕉茎秆资源化利用的关键步骤,可以有效地降低运输成本,减轻蕉农的劳动强度,有利于提高香蕉茎秆的综合利用率。该文从介绍香蕉茎秆原料结构形态,化学成分以及蕉秆水分的存在形态出发,详细论述了国内外对高含水量的香蕉茎秆采取的脱水技术的研究现状和最新进展,指出了各种典型设备的结构特点。讨论了各种机械挤压脱水设备的实用性、优缺点及商业推广价值。指出平板压榨为间歇生产,压榨周期长;螺旋挤压脱水要求原料为粉碎性物料,物料的适应性差;轧辊式挤压脱水为连续生产,效率较高。针对香蕉茎秆体形高大质地软,纤维长的特点,确定香蕉茎秆挤压脱水技术应采取轧辊式挤压脱水工艺,提出轧辊式挤压脱水设备的开发改进建议,认为设备体积小,操作简单安全,处理量大,可靠性高是主要的研究方向。     

Characteristics of Grain Filling and Dehydration in Wheat

【Objective】The characteristic of grain filling and dehydration in wheat was studied, which provided a selection method and a theoretical basis for breeding wheat variety with fast filling and dehydration, and its grain with safety moisture content without drying process at harvesting date. 【Method】 In 2015 and 2016, 7 main wheat varieties in the middle and lower of the Yangtze River Valley were used as tested materials. The grain filling traits, dehydration rate and grain moisture content at physiological maturity and harvest date were measured to explore their profiles by Logistic Growth Equation (LGE) fitting analysis and multiple comparison and correlation coefficient method. 【Result】 The results indicated that grain-filling of 7 varieties fitted LGE best, with an S-like breakthrough curve of slow-fast-slow trend, but there were significant differences in the maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate and grain-filling duration in different varieties. The maximum grain-filling rates and average grain-filling rates of Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16 were higher, whose dry grain weights at 30 d after anthesis were more than 35 g and the grain-filling durations were shorter; The grain filling rate of Yangmai 15 was the fourth fastest, but the grain-filling duration was the longest among the 7 wheat genotypes; Ningmai 13, Yangmai 20 and Yangmai 22 had the smaller filling rates, respectively. The maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate, R1, R2 and R3 were significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. The rate of grain filling was R2>R1>R3 in the three filling stages. The filling grain of wheat was basically finished at 30 d after anthesis. After the grain filling stage, it started the dehydration and drying stage. There were significant differences among the 7 genotypes in the grain moisture content at physiological maturity and harvest date, as well as the grain dehydration rate. The grain dehydration rates of Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16 were higher than the others, whereas Yangmai15 was the lowest. The grain moisture content at harvest date was significantly (P<0.01, 0.05) correlated with the grain moisture content at physiological maturity date, the average dehydration rate after physiological maturity, and the grain dehydration rate at 2 d after physiological maturity.【Conclusion】In Yangmai 11, Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 16, the grain-filling was faster and completed earlier, and the grain dehydrated more quickly. The grain weight >35 g at 30 d after anthesis could be used as the selection parameter of the grain-filling rate. The average grain dehydration rate after physiological maturity could be a selection parameter that evaluates the dehydration property of wheat.     

林药复合经营下不同遮阴度对白芨和黄精生长的影响

林地遮阴度对林下套种的植株生长有着重要的影响,且对不同的中药材有着不同的适 应性特点。本文研究白芨和黄精两个品种在3 种不同强度的遮阴度下成活率、株高、分蘖数及其 产量。结果表明:白芨和黄精在总体上表现为对遮阴度的要求黄精（65～80%）＞白芨（35～ 50%）。在具体指标上,在分蘖数上均表现为一级较低遮阴度的条件下具有更高的分蘖数;在株 高和成活率上,白芨和黄精表现不一致,前者在较低的遮阴度下（35～50%）有更高的株高和成活 率,而后者在较高的遮阴度下（﹥65%）更好;在产量方面,白芨单株重量和亩产量     

玉米成熟过程中激素含量及其与子粒灌浆和脱水相关性分析

以先玉335和郑单958为材料,研究了黑龙江半干旱区玉米成熟过程中子粒和穗位叶中激素含量变化及其与子粒灌浆和脱水的相关性。结果显示,子粒中IAA、GA3和ZR含量与灌浆速率均呈正相关,且IAA达到极显著(P0.01),两品种相关系数分别为0.9506和0.9488;而穗位叶中ABA含量与灌浆速率呈负相关。子粒中ABA含量与子粒脱水速率呈负相关,IAA和ZR含量与子粒的脱水速率呈正相关,其中郑单958子粒中ZR含量与脱水速率相关性显著(P0.05),相关系数为0.8813;穗位叶中IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA含量与子粒脱水速率均呈负相关,先玉335穗位叶中ZR和ABA含量与脱水速率相关性显著(P0.05),相关系数分别为-0.9296和-0.9216;郑单958穗位叶中IAA含量则与脱水速率相关性显著(P0.05),相关系数为-0.8976。在半干旱春玉米区,玉米子粒灌浆速率主要与子粒中IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA等4种内源激素含量相关,而脱水速率则与子粒和穗位叶中各内源激素含量均相关。     

黄淮海夏玉米品种脱水类型与机械粒收时间的确立

黄淮海一年两熟模式下玉米成熟和熟后籽粒脱水的热量资源紧缺, 是制约机械粒收在该区域发展的关键因素。本文尝试建立黄淮海一年两熟制地区玉米机械粒收适宜品种筛选和以授粉至生理成熟积温和生理成熟期籽粒含水率为指标, 运用双向平均法将参试品种划分为晚熟高含水率(I)、早熟高含水率(II)、早熟低含水率(III)和晚熟低含水率(IV)4种类型。基于玉米生长进程及籽粒含水率动态测试, 估算不同品种播种至适宜机械粒收含水率(28%、25%)所需活动积温, 以黄淮海区夏玉米常年播种日期为起点, 结合历史气象资料的累积计算, 利用地统计分析技术明确不同类型品种适宜机械粒收的时空分布规律, 建立适宜机械粒收时期的预测方法, 为机械粒收在黄淮海区域推广提供指导。选择27个主推品种, 播种至籽粒含水率下降到28%、25%所需要积温分别为, 类型I 2982°C d、3118°C d, 类型II 2770°C d、2873°C d, 类型III 2729°C d、2845°C d, 类型IV 2860°C d、2980°C d。类型III品种降至28%、25%含水率时间分别较类型II品种早2~3 d、约2 d, 较类型IV品种早7~9 d、7~10 d, 较类型I品种早13~17 d、16~17 d。各类型品种籽粒由28%含水率降至25%水平, 所需时间约6~8 d。在当前玉米种植模式及下茬小麦适期播种条件下, 黄淮海南部的豫南、皖北地区, 各类玉米品种均能满足籽粒脱水至适宜机械粒收含水率的要求, 而在黄淮海北部、关中西部以及山东半岛地区, 现有品种很难降至适宜含水率, 需通过选择早熟和籽粒脱水快的适宜品种加以实现。本研究建立的以积温预测籽粒含水率动态变化及其适宜机械粒收时间的预测方法, 为各地合理配置玉米粒收品种、确定适宜机械粒收时间提供了可行的技术方法。     

变黄前期失水胁迫对烟叶烘烤特性的影响

[目的]研究变黄前期失水胁迫对烟叶烘烤特性的影响,为烟叶烘烤工艺优化提供理论依据.[方法]以红花大金元中部叶为试验材料,通过对变黄前期烟叶进行不同失水胁迫程度处理,研究其暗箱试验烘烤特性,并探讨其烘烤过程中的水分、色素、淀粉含量变化及烘烤质量.[结果]随着烟叶失水胁迫程度的增加,暗箱中烟叶的变黄时间缩短、变黄指数增大,烟叶变褐时间延长、变褐指数增大,但变褐发生时间提前;随着变黄前期烟叶失水胁迫程度的增加,烘烤过程中烟叶叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和淀粉降解加快,烤后烟叶等级质量有所提高.[结论]变黄前期烟叶失水胁迫可加快烟叶色素和淀粉降解,促进烟叶变黄,改善烟叶烘烤特性.     

3—CRPa移动并联机构运动学分析与仿真

提出一种新型3自由度纯移动并联机构,该机构由动平台、静平台以及联接两平台的3条相同的分支运动链组成。基于单开链单元理论分析,计算出机构的自由度,分别讨论了以角位移和线性位移为主动输入形式的机构运动学问题,推导出位置、速度、加速度的解析解。利用Matlab和Pro/E软件分别绘制出机构的位移、速度、加速度理论曲线和虚拟样机仿真曲线,仿真结果证明了理论分析的正确性。尤其是当以线性输入为主动输入时,机构的运动雅可比矩阵为单位阵且条件数恒等于1,所以此时机构在整个工作空间内表现为完全各向同性。     

Differential Responses of Electrolyte Leakage and Pigment Compositions in Maize and Sorghum After Exposure to and Recovery from Pre-and Post-Flowering Dehydration

Drought stress is often the most limiting factor to maize and sorghum production in the semi-arid areas.This study evaluates the response of electrolyte leakage,chlorophyll,carotenoid and anthocyanin contents in maize （cv.Melkassa-2 and sorghum cv.Macia） after exposure to and recovery from pre- and post-flowering dehydration in plants grown in a controlled environment growth chamber under constant environmental conditions （12/12 h day/night,28-32/17°C day/night temperature,60-80% RH and PPFD of 1 200-1 400 μmol m-2 s-1）,at the Department of Botany,University of Cape Town,South Africa.It was revealed that dehydration induced increases in electrolyte leakage was observed in both species during both pre- and post-flowering stages.Electrolyte leakage was however,higher during post- than pre-flowering dehydration in both species.Dehydration during both pre- and post-flowering stages caused a decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in both maize and sorghum.Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of both pre- and post-flowering dehydrated sorghum was markedly higher than that of maize throughout the duration of the dehydration period.As opposed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,anthocyanin contents increased during pre- and post-flowering dehydration in both species.Differences were however,observed between both species in the response of anthocyanin content to pre- and post-flowering dehydration.Full recovery of chlorophyll,carotenoid and anthocyanin contents were observed in those plants rehydrated during pre-flowering stages.There was however,no recovery in both species during post-flowering rehydration.This study should help understand some adaptive mechanisms developed by maize and sorghum during the dehydration and rehydration periods and contribute to identify useful traits for breeding programs.     

H3PW12O40/Al2O3在制备农药中间体丙烯醛反应中的性能评价研究

[目的]研究H3PW12O40/Al2O3在制备农药中间体丙烯醛反应中的性能。[方法]采用等体积浸渍法制备了H3PW12O40/Al2O3催化剂,在常压连续流动固定床反应器中,对催化剂的活性稳定性进行了考察,同时利用BET、SEM和XRD等对反应前后的催化剂进行了基本表征。[结果]在反应过程中,催化剂上的积碳量呈上升趋势,尤其在催化剂活性增长期其积碳生成速率很快。较高的空速有利于减少催化剂上的积碳量。[结论]积碳可能是由丙烯醛在杂多酸催化剂上的聚合而产生的,它覆盖在催化剂表面,堵塞了孔道,从而引起了催化剂活性的降低。但积碳并没有破坏催化剂的结构,催化剂仍然保持Keggin结构,仍具有催化活性。